Surgical Articles for Placing an Implant about a Tubular Tissue Structure and Methods

ABSTRACT

A minimally invasive surgical instrument for placing an implantable article about a tubular tissue structure is disclosed. The surgical instrument is particularly useful for treating urological disorders such as incontinence. Surgical methods using the novel instrument are also described.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This continuation patent application claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/461,636, filed Aug. 1, 2006, and entitled“Surgical Articles for Placing an Implant About a Tubular TissueStructure and Methods,” which in turn claims priority to patentapplication Ser. No. 10/233,349 filed Aug. 30, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No.7,104,949), which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationNos. 60/325,870, filed Sep. 28, 2001; and 60/316,552, filed Aug. 31,2001. The identified utility patent applications and provisionalapplications are herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

Examples of surgical instruments for soft tissue repair or manipulationare disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,449,087; 3,470,875; 3,763,860;3,946,740; 4,164,225; 4,923,461; 4,935,027; 5,527,321; 5,431,666;5,674,230; 5,728,107; 5,730,747, 5,741,279; 5,871,488; 6,056,771 and6,084,351.

The Capio™ CL Transvaginal Suture Capturing Device and the Capio™ SutureCapturing Device are available from Boston Scientific, of Natick, Mass.These devices are capable of passing a suture through tissue.

The ArthroSew™ Disposable Suturing Device is available from SurgicalDynamics (U.S. Surgical), of Norwalk, Conn. The Veronikis LigatureCarrier™ is available from Marina Medical of Hollywood, Fla. The deviceis designed for sacrospinous ligature suspension of prolapsed vaginalvault. The device includes a needle with an eyelet and two clampfingers. The clamp fingers do not include a mechanism for positivelycapturing the suture once it is passed through the tissue. As a result,an independent device (e.g. a suture retrieval hook) is required for usewith this device to retrieve a suture that is passed through tissue.

Loss of bladder control is a condition known a urinary incontinence.Surgical procedures can be used to completely restore continence in someinstances. The literature reports hundreds of different surgicalprocedures or variations designed to treat incontinence.

Surgical procedures include anterior colporrhaphy procedures,colposuspension procedures, and needle suspension procedures.Colposuspension procedures seek to place the urethra in a highretropubic position. The Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure and theBurch procedure are examples of colposuspension procedures. TheMarshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure places sutures at the urethrovesicaljunction to the periosteum of the pubic bone. See Marshall et al., TheCorrection of Stress Incontinence By Simple Vesicourethral Suspension;Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. Vol. 88, Pps. 509-518 (1949).

With the Burch procedure, sutures are placed at the urethrovesicaljunction to Cooper's ligament. See Gilja et al., A Modified Raz BladderNeck Suspension Operation (Transvaginal Burch), J. of Urol. Vol. 153,Pps. 1455-1457 (May 1995). A significant abdominal incision isassociated with the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure. The Burchprocedure has been performed abdominally, vaginally andlaparoscopically. See Burch, Urethrovaginal Fixation to Cooper'sLigament for Correction of Stress Incontinence, Cystocele, and Prolapse,Am. J. Obst. & Gynecology, vol. 81 (No. 2), Pps. 281-290 (February1961); and Das et al., Laparoscopic Colpo-Suspension, J. of Urology,vol. 154, Pp. 1119-1121 (1995).

Needle suspension procedures elevate the urethra retropubically. Theyinclude Pereyra, Stamey, Raz, Gittes, Muszani and Vesica procedures.These procedures (except the Vesica procedure) place suturestransvaginally at the urethrovesical junction and are sutured to theabdominal wall through two small abdominal incisions. See Stamey,Endoscopic Suspension of the Vesical Neck for Urinary Incontinence inFemales, Ann. Surgery, pp. 465-471, October 1980; Pereyra, A SimplifiedSurgical Procedure for the Correction of Stress Incontinence in Women,West. J. Surg., Obstetrics & Gynecology, pp. 243-246, July-August 1959;Holschneider et al., A Modified Pereyra Procedure In Recurrent StressUrinary Incontinence: A 15-Year Review, Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.83, No. 4 Pps. 573-578 (1994). The Vesica procedure includes anabdominal incision where bone anchors are driven into the top of thepubic bone and sutures attached to the bone anchors are placed at theurethrovesical junction.

An anterior colporrhaphy procedure seeks to elevate and support thebladder neck within the abdominal zone of pressure and allow posteriorcompression of the proximal urethra against the pubic symphysis. Acomplication associated with these procedures is voiding difficulties,possibly due to the resultant geometry of the urinary tract.

Another surgical procedure for treating incontinence is a slingprocedure, the first of which was the Goebel-Stoeckel-Frannenheimprocedure. There are two general types of sling procedures. The firsttype of sling procedure utilizes bone screws and associated sutures toanchor a sling (e.g. on a posterior portion of the pubic bone). Acommercial example of a bone screw sling procedure is a surgicalprocedure that utilizes the In-Fast Sling System, available fromAmerican Medical Systems, Inc. of Minnetonka, Minn.

The second type of sling procedure is a minimally invasive surgicalmethod involving the placement (e.g. by the use of a Stamey needle orother ligature carrier) of a sling to stabilize or support the bladderneck or urethra. See Horbach et al., A Suburethral Sling Procedure WithPolytetrafluoroethylene For the Treatment of Genuine Stress IncontinenceIn Patients With Low Urethral Closure Pressure, J. Obstetrics &Gynecology, vol. 71, No. 4, Pps. 648-652 (April 1998); and Morgan etal., The Marlex Sling Operation For the Treatment of Recurrent StressUrinary Incontinence: A 16 Year Review, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., vol.151, No. 2, Pps. 224-227 (January 1985).

The slings described above differ in the type of material, sutures andpoints of anchoring based on the procedure being performed. In somecases, the sling is placed under the bladder neck and secured viasuspension means (such as bone anchors or screws) through a vaginalincision. Bone anchors or screws raise the specter of bone infection,necrosis and other complications, although such complications are rare.

The second type of sling procedure (pubovaginal sling procedures that donot include bone anchors) anchor slings in the abdominal or rectusfascia. These types of procedures involve puncturing the abdominal wallof the patient to pass a needle. Complications associated with slingprocedures are rare, but they include urethral obstruction, infection,development of de novo urge incontinence, bladder perforation,hemorrhage, prolonged urinary retention, and damage to surroundingtissue (e.g. caused by sling erosion). The likelihood of complicationsdue to abdominal incisions varies and depends on the particular surgicalprocedure.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,030,337 and 6,387,040 disclose urinary continencedevices and methods for treating incontinence. In some embodiments, amedical device is placed within the urethra.

Other examples of surgical instruments for addressing incontinence orother urological disorders are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,686,962;4,938,760; 5,234,409; 5,256,133; 5,647,836; 5,697,931; 5,997,554;6,068,591 and 6,149,667.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present invention is directed to minimally invasive surgicalinstruments for use in soft tissue reconstruction, manipulation,connection and/or repairs, particularly those encountered in urologicaland gynecological applications. The instruments are particularlysuitable for use in soft tissue repair such as pelvic floor repair andreconstruction procedures. The instruments are particularly suitable fortreating incontinence.

Examples of particular applications for surgical instruments accordingto the present invention include, but are not limited to procedures foraddressing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), urinary incontinence,paravaginal defect repairs, venous flow restriction for erectiledysfunction, fecal incontinence, obesity, arterial support, aneurysmsupport, repairs of cystoceles, rectoceles, and enteroceles, andprolapse repair.

The repairs of the present invention may be achieved withoutsubstantially changing the orientation of the patient's anatomy toavoid, in the case of an incontinence procedure, post-surgical voidingdifficulties brought about by the change in the orientation of thenatural body passageway (e.g. the urethra or urethral meatus). In someembodiments of the present invention, urinary incontinence may betreated without the need for a significant abdominal incision or, insome embodiments, a small vaginal incision or puncture.

In one aspect, the present invention comprises a surgical device forplacing an implantable article about a tubular tissue structure, such asthe urethra. The device comprises an elongate tubular tissue structureimmobilizer sized and shaped to be placed within the tubular tissuestructure, an implantable article deployment member movable about theimmobilizer between a retracted position and an extended position; anactuator for moving the implantable article deployment member betweenthe retracted and extended positions; an holder for retaining theimplantable article in the patient once the implantable articledeployment member moves to the extended position; and a separator forextricating the implantable article from the surgical device.

In one embodiment, the implantable article deployment member is capableof moving along a substantially helical path, in other embodiments, thepath is non-helical.

In one embodiment, the retracted position of the implantable articledeployment member is situated within the tubular tissue structure andthe extended position is located external to the tubular tissuestructure. In another embodiment, the path of the implantable articledeployment member is entirely external to the tubular tissue structure(urethra) without traversing the urethra. In this embodiment, thesurgical device is capable of implanting the implantable article withoutpiercing the tubular tissue structure.

The surgical device may optionally include features such as a means forcollapsing the tubular tissue structure about the immobilizer (e.g. avacuum component), or an inflatable member (e.g. balloon) forpositioning the surgical device relative to the tubular tissuestructure.

The actuator may comprise any suitable mechanism such as rotatablemembers, linearly movable members or combinations thereof. In oneembodiment, the actuator may comprise a slidable guide member with ahelical cam groove and a cam follower associated with the implantablearticle deployment member. In another embodiment, the actuator maycomprise gears, detents and grooves. The actuator may also comprise agear and a predetermined shaped gear track. Combinations of suchactuator elements are also within the scope of the present invention.

Preferably, the path of the implantable article deployment member issubstantially semi-circular about an axis of the immobilizer.

The actuator may comprise a variety of different type mechanisms.Generally speaking, mechanical linkages including gears, cams, camfollowers, gear tracks, and splines are suitable for incorporation intothe surgical instrument as the actuator. Other actuators such aspneumatic actuators are also contemplated as within the scope of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, the implantable article deployment member iscomposed of a shape memory material capable of resiliently deflectinginto a predetermined shape during movement from the retracted toward theextended position.

Some embodiments of the surgical instrument of the present invention aretransurethral devices without any structure projecting into the vagina.Other embodiments include a portion for insertion in the vagina.

Surgical instruments according to the present invention may implant awide variety of implantable articles. The implantable articles may beconstructed from synthetic or non-synthetic elements or combinationsthereof. The implantable articles may be constructed from resorbable,absorbable or substantially permanent implant materials. The implantablearticle may be rigid (e.g. a spring like structure) or non-rigid (e.g. asuture-like structure).

In one embodiment, the implantable article comprises a suture having adart associated with a leading end thereof. The dart has a shouldersurface. The implantable article deployment member has an internalpassageway affording passage of the suture, and a distal end sized andshaped to engage the shoulder surface of the dart to drive the dartalong the path of the implantable article deployment member. In thisembodiment, the holder comprises dart receiving surfaces in the surgicalinstrument, for engaging surfaces of the dart to hold the dart andsuture in the extended position while the implantable article deploymentmember retracts to the retracted position leaving the suture in theextended position.

The separator may comprise a wide variety of structures. For example, itmay comprise a rod movable within an internal passageway of theimplantable article deployment member to eject a pre-cut or pre-sizedimplantable article (e.g. a coil of wire) from the surgical device. Inanother embodiment, the separator may comprise a cutter for cutting theimplantable article in situ after the implantable article deploymentmember moves from the retracted to the extended position.

In another aspect, the present invention comprises a surgical method forplacing an implantable article about a tubular tissue structure. Thesurgical procedure may be for general surgical purposes discussed ingreater detail below. The surgical instruments are particularly suitablefor treating incontinence. In embodiment, the method comprises the stepsof a) inserting a surgical device with an implantable article situatedtherein into a urethra, b) moving the implantable article from aposition within the urethra to a position at least substantiallyexternal to the urethra; c) separating the implantable article from thedevice, and d) removing the surgical device from the urethra leaving theimplantable article situated about the urethra. The procedure has, amongother advantages, the advantage of treating incontinence withoutrequiring an incision in the vagina or abdomen of the patient.

In another aspect, the method comprises the steps of: a) providing asurgical device having an immobilizer and a stabilizer, and aimplantable article deployment member movable about the immobilizerbetween a retracted position and an extended position; b) inserting theimmobilizer into the urethra and the stabilizer within the vagina; c)moving the implantable article deployment member along a path that issubstantially external to the urethra from the retracted to the extendedposition; d) retracting the implantable article deployment member fromthe extended to the retracted position leaving the implantable articlesituated about the urethra; e) separating the implantable article fromthe device; and f) removing the surgical device from the patient's body.This procedure has the advantage of treating the incontinence withoutsubstantially changing the patient's urinary tract orientation to avoidpost implantation voiding difficulties

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be seen asthe following description of particular embodiments progresses inconjunction with the drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1 through 4 are schematic illustrations of an apparatus andsequential process according to an aspect of the present inventionwherein,

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a surgical device deployed withinthe bladder and urethra;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the surgical device with aninflatable member inflated, a vacuum feature deployed to collapse theurethra, and with an implantable member deployment element retractedwithin the urethra;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the surgical device with theimplantable member deployment element extended from the position of FIG.2 to a position outside the urethra to deploy an implantable memberabout the urethra;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration after the implantable memberdeployment element has been retracted back within the urethra, theinflatable member deflated, the vacuum released, and the surgical devicewithdrawn from the bladder and urethra, leaving an implantable memberdeployed in a helical orientation about the urethra;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an embodiment of implantable memberdeployment element according to the present invention, showing a sutureas the implantable member;

FIG. 6 is a side view of another embodiment of implantable memberdeployment element according to the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic depiction of another embodiment of the presentinvention with a plurality of discrete implantable members deployed in anon-helical (semi-circular) fashion about the urethra;

FIG. 8 is a side view of another embodiment of surgical instrumentaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the surgical instrument of FIG. 8 takenapproximately along lines 9-9 of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a top view of a portion of an actuator which may be used withthe surgical instrument of FIG. 8, showing an internal cam track indashed lines;

FIG. 11 is a side view of the components of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is an end view of a portion of the components of FIG. 10;

FIGS. 13 a through 16 b sequentially illustrate movement of elements ofan embodiment of surgical instrument according to the present invention,wherein:

FIG. 13 a is a perspective view illustrating an implantable memberdeployment member in a retracted position;

FIG. 13 b is an end view of the components of FIG. 13 a;

FIG. 14 a is a perspective view of the surgical instrument with animplantable member deployment element partially deployed about a tubulartissue immobilizer;

FIG. 14 b is an end view of the components of FIG. 14 a;

FIG. 15 a is a perspective view of the implantable member deploymentelement more fully extended than in FIG. 14 a;

FIG. 15 b is an end view of the components of FIG. 15 a;

FIG. 16 a is a perspective view of the implantable member deploymentelement in an extended position;

FIG. 16 b is an end view of the components of FIG. 16 a;

FIG. 17 is a side view of another embodiment of surgical instrumentaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a sectional view of the surgical instrument of FIG. 17 takenapproximately along lines 18-18 of FIG. 17;

FIG. 18A is a schematic perspective view of portions of the embodimentof FIGS. 17 and 18;

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of another embodiment of surgicalinstrument according to the present invention;

FIG. 20 is an exploded perspective view of components of an actuator foran implantable article deployment member for surgical instrumentsaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 21 is a side view of an implantable member carrier of FIG. 20 witha guide detent or cam follower;

FIG. 22 is a side view of components of FIG. 20 including a guide memberwith a groove capable of engaging the detent shown in FIG. 21;

FIG. 23 is a side view of components of FIG. 20 with the implantablemember carrier and guide member partially assembled;

FIG. 24 is a perspective, end view of another embodiment of surgicalinstrument according to the present invention;

FIG. 25 is an end view of another embodiment of surgical instrumentshowing a gear and gear track;

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of an implantable member deploymentelement, an implantable member in the form of a suture, and a leadingelement of the suture according to one aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 27 is a schematic view of an embodiment of implantable membercapturing mechanism according to the present invention;

FIG. 28 is a perspective view of another embodiment of surgicalinstrument according to the present invention showing a plurality ofdiscrete implantable member deployment elements; and

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of another embodiment of surgicalinstrument showing portals for three implantable article deploymentmembers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is meant to be illustrative only and notlimiting. Other embodiments of this invention will be apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art in view of this description.

FIGS. 1 through 4 are schematic illustrations of a surgical device forplacing an implantable article about a tubular tissue structure, such asa patient's urethra U. The bladder neck is situated between thepatient's bladder B and urethra U.

The surgical device includes an inflatable member F, a means forcollapsing the tubular tissue structure (in this embodiment a vacuumelement 14) about an immobilizer (the tubular structure between thevacuum ports), and an implantable article deployment member 12 movablebetween a retracted position (FIG. 1) and an extended position (FIG. 3).

FIG. 1 shows the surgical device after it is inserted transurethrally sothat portions are deployed within the bladder B and urethra U.

FIG. 2 shows the inflatable member F inflated, the vacuum elementactivated to collapse the urethra U about the device, and with animplantable member deployment element 12 retracted within the urethra U.The inflatable member F or similar landmarking component positions thevacuum ports of the device in a predetermined position, preferably nearthe mid urethra. Next, a vacuum is applied and the urethra U iscollapsed about the device.

FIG. 3 shows the implantable member deployment element 12 extended fromthe position of FIG. 2 to a position outside the urethra U to deploy animplantable article 13 about the urethra U. While holding the vacuum, animplantable article 13 is advanced forward (e.g. by a screwing motion).The implantable member deployment member 12 preferably moves along asubstantially helical path, but other paths such as circular, ellipticalor semicircular are also within the present invention.

Preferably, the present invention places the implantable article 13outside the urethra U. Comparing FIGS. 2 to 3, the retracted position ofthe implantable article deployment member 12 is situated within theurethra U and the extended position is located substantially external tothe urethra U. The leading end of the implantable article 13 ordeployment member 12 penetrates the urethra wall, winds around theurethra U as the implantable article deployment member 12 is furtheradvanced.

Preferably, the implantable article 13 is associated with theimplantable article deployment member 12 so that, at the end of theplacement cycle, a portion of the deployment member 12 penetrates theurethral wall. As a result, when the vacuum is released and thedeployment member 12 is retracted, the deployment member 12 isdisassociated with the implantable article 13. This helps ensure thatthe implantable article 13 is substantially completely seated on theoutside perimeter of the urethra U. Optionally, an ejector rod may beplace within the deployment member 12 to ensure separation of theimplantable article 12 from the surgical device.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration after the implantable memberdeployment element 12 has been retracted back within the urethra U, theinflatable member F deflated, the vacuum released, and the surgicaldevice withdrawn from the bladder B and urethra U leaving an implantablemember 13 deployed in a helical orientation about the urethra U.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-4, the implantable article 13 ispreferably loosely placed surrounding or about the mid urethra. Theimplantable article 13 is preferably sized and shaped to loosely seataround the peripheral tissue of the urethra. The implantable article 13preferably should not constrict the urethra. Preferably, the implantablearticle 13 may have between 0.5 and 4 windings, preferably between about1.5 to 2 windings. Alternatively a plurality of implantable members maybe placed about the urethra during the surgical procedure.

The implantable article 13 is preferably constructed from a materialthat affords easy radial expansion (e.g. by between about 10 and about20%) and above that drastically increases in resistance to deformationparticularly radial expansion. It is constructed of a medical gradematerial, preferably without sharp components (e.g. ends) to avoiderosion. Optionally, the implantable article could be constructed frombioresorbable materials in whole or in part. Potentially, scarring maybe exploited to render permanent presence of all or a part of theimplantable article 13 to be unnecessary. Although not intending to bebound by any one theory, one reason that the present invention isbelieved to be quite useful is the diametrical expansion of the urethraU during a stress event.

It is believed that the effective treatment of female urinary stressincontinence may be achieved by slightly elevating intraurethralpressure at the mid urethra. The elevation should be minimal in order tooffset rises in vesical pressure during a stress event (e.g. laughing orcoughing). The urethral and vesical relationship is discussed inLazarevski, Biomechanics of Urinary Stress Incontinence Surgery—Theoryof the Non-Permanently Acting Suburethral Supportive Structure, Int.Urogynecol. J., (2000) 11:377-385.

Restricting urethral diameter during a stress event is a way to elevateintraurethral pressure and gain continence. Restricting the urethraldiameter during a stress event is believed to decrease outflow of urine.

Elevation of mid urethral pressure is greatly determined by thestructural integrity of the external sphincter. The inability tocontract or inability to sustain a fixed diameter of the externalsphincter results in a loss of urine during a stress event.

In other embodiments of the present invention, other implantablearticles may be used. The implantable article may comprise synthetic ornon-synthetic materials or hybrids or combinations thereof. Theimplantable article can comprise a material suitable for correctingpelvic floor disorders such as a cystocele or a rectocele or a prolapse.The implantable material may optionally comprise a suture or slingmaterial. For example, the suture may comprises a polypropylenemonofilament suture attached to a stainless steel (e.g. 17-4 PH 630 SST)dart with conical tip with an included angle of about 56 degrees.

Suitable non-synthetic materials for the implantable article includeallografts, xenografts, homografts, heterografts, autologous tissues,cadaveric fascia and fascia lata. The implantable article may includeliving tissue, processed tissue, tissue-engineered implants, tissuescaffolding and combinations thereof.

Suitable synthetic materials include polymerics, and plastics and anycombination of such materials. Commercial examples of materials forimplantable articles include Mersilene™, Teflon™, Gore-Tex™, Silastic™,Marlex™, Prolene™, and Vaskutek™ Other examples of suitable materialsinclude those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/939,098filed Aug. 24, 2001, and Published U.S. Patent Application No.US-2002-0107430-A1. Specific examples of synthetic implantable articlesinclude absorbable and non-absorbable materials such as polypropylene,polyethylene, nylon, PLLA and PGA.

In other embodiments, the implantable article may comprise a biofoam,tissue adhesive, or tissue sealant. The compositions of such implantablearticles can be absorbable or non-absorbable, permanent or they may betemporary, designed to last for a predetermined or therapeuticallyeffective amount of time. They may be in liquid, gaseous, solid, gel orcolloidal form. The biofoam may include biological, synthetic,non-synthetic, synergraft, Xenograft, and/or cadaveric elements.

As examples, not intended to be limiting, the foam, tissue adhesiveand/or sealant and/or implantable composition may comprise an adhesiveutilizing human or bovine albumen, a fibrin adhesive/sealant such as theTisseel® Fibrin Sealant available from Baxter Healthcare Corp. ofDeerfield, Ill. Other examples include acrylate adhesives described, forexample, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,001,345, 6,214,332, and 6,248,800; andcollagen including adhesives, sealants, wound dressings and implantablecompositions. Examples of suitable foams, adhesive/sealant/implantablecompositions are described, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,216,204; 4,455,302;4,759,354; 4,837,024; 4,950,699; 5,081,106; 5,116,620; 5,196,185;5,350,798; 5,370,698; 5,385,606; 5,436,361; 5,613,982; 5,632,778;5,741,782; 5,843,182; 5,899,937, 5,938,681; 6,136,341 and 6,245,083 andEuropean Pat. Document Nos. 530 982 and 450 671.

Commercially available examples of tissue adhesives, tissue sealants andimplantable compositions include those available from Collagen Corp.,Baxter Healthcare Corp. of Deerfield, Ill.; Focal, Inc., U.S.Surgical/Tycos; Genzyme; Ethicon, Inc. (J&J) of Ohio; PPL TherapeuticsLtd. (U.K.), Tissuemed Ltd. (U.K.) and MedLogic Global Corp. of ColoradoSprings, Colo.

In embodiments where the implantable articles are sutures, the suturesmay comprise any suitable sutures including monofilament and braidedsutures. The sutures may be constructed from a resorbable material or asubstantially permanent material such as polyester. A commercial exampleof an absorbable suture is the Bondek® Braided Synthetic Absorbable PGA(polyglycolic acid) Suture, available from Genzyme. In anotherembodiment, the implantable article may be part of an assembly thatincludes a needle-like leading end. Commercial examples of suchassemblies include Surgilene Monofilament Polypropylene Sutureassemblies available from Davis & Geck, and the Prolene MonofilamentPolypropylene Sutures available from Ethicon, Inc.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of an implantable articledeployment member 2 according to the present invention. Thetransurethral deployment member comprises a substantially helicallyshaped hollow tube 2. The tube 2 has a tip 1 for penetrating the wall ofthe urethra. A suture 3 is threaded within the tube 2. Preferably, thetube 2 is constructed of a material that affords relative movementbetween the suture 3 and tube 2 so that the tube 2 and suture 3 may beseparated with the suture 3 left in the body.

In a preferred embodiment, the helical suture delivery apparatusconsists of a helically formed stainless steel hypodermic tube 2terminating on one end with a sharps for penetration into tissue and astraight end for loading of a suture material 3 or pre-formed metalliccoil.

In one embodiment, the leading end of the suture or coil 3 mayincorporate a barb type anchoring piece for fixation of the suture orcoil into the target tissue. Alternatively, the holder may comprise thenon-sharp anchoring means disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,382,214. In thisembodiment, a feature responsible for separating the implantable articlefrom the surgical instrument (the “separator”) is part of theimplantable article itself.

The helically formed hypo tube 2 is preferably mounted in a stabilizerpiece (not shown) that aids in introduction of the device around theurethra and keeps the urethra straight while performing the procedure.

The stabilizer piece may optionally serve to accept a rigid scope forvisualization during the procedure. Alternatively, other visualizationmeans, such as ultrasound, may be optionally utilized for use with thepresent invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates an additional embodiment of the present inventionwherein the implantable article deployment member and actuator formoving the deployment member include wrapping a conical implantablearticle (e.g. a spring) 2A around a rod, placing it in a tube 9, placingthe tube in a proper anatomical position, and deploying the implantablearticle 2A out the open end of the tube 9.

Adding a thread to the deployment rod 9 adds advantages in both loadingand deploying. One advantage is that it makes it easier to wrap thespring 2A around the rod as the threads will provide a track for theimplantable article 2A to lie in. This will prevent the spring 2A frommoving on the rod as it is inserted into the deployment sheath as wellas help to keep it tightly compressed. Also, keeping the spring 2Atightly wound and compressed will also help minimize the distance thedeployment rod has to be extended into the body cavity to deploy thespring 2A. It will also keep the spring from binding in the outer sheathallowing the spring to be pushed out from behind rather than pulled outby the top of the spring. By keeping it tightly wound on the deploymentrod, the threads will prevent the spring 2A from being stretched out asit is dragged through the deployment tube, preventing deformation of thespring 2A. The threads will also prevent the coils of the wound spring2A from crossing over one another and thus changing the way the springfunctions once deployed. It is also believed to prevent the spring 2Afrom seizing up inside the tool as it is advanced along the outersheath.

Referring now to FIGS. 8 and 9, there is shown another embodiment ofsurgical instrument 50 according to the present invention. The surgicalinstrument 50 is capable of implanting an implantable article withoutpiercing or traversing the wall of the tubular tissue structure (e.g.the urethra).

The surgical instrument 50 includes a handle 52, and an elongateurethral immobilizer 54 that is sized and shaped to be placed within theurethra. The surgical instrument also includes an implantable articledeployment member 62 that capable of moving along a path that isentirely external to the urethra.

A portion 51 is sized and shaped to be inserted into the patient'svagina so that the implantable article deployment member 62 may bepositioned mid-urethra. Additional incisions or dissection may beutilized to optimize access to the urethra, according to surgeonpreference. For example, a surgeon may decide to make two small (e.g.one inch long) incisions in the vagina, one approximately at the midurethra and one approximately at the bladder neck in order to afford adesired access to the urethra.

The surgical instrument 50 optionally includes an inflatable member B′for positioning the instrument 50 relative to the tubular tissuestructure. A catheter C may be utilized for this purpose. For example,the balloon B′ and neck thereof may be placed to place the implantablearticle deployment member 62 mid urethra.

Notably, the implantable article need not be helical in shape. FIG. 7illustrates a plurality of discrete semi-circular or horseshoe shapedimplantable articles 11. Alternatively, when the implantable articlescomprise sutures, the implantable articles may comprise substantiallycircular implants, e.g. tied by a surgeon via access through a vaginalincision. Optionally, the sutures may be tied in an adjustable knot(e.g. a slip knot or any of the adjustable knots disclosed in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/004,185 filed Oct. 30, 2001) so that thetension on the knots may be adjusted post or preoperatively.

Referring to FIGS. 9 through 11, there is shown an actuator for movingan implantable article deployment member (e.g. 62 for the instrument ofFIGS. 8 and 9) between the retracted and extended positions. Theactuator comprises a slidable guide member with a helical cam groove anda cam follower associated with the implantable article deployment member62.

In general, the cam 55 drives the cam follower 102 (see FIG. 12). As thecam is driven forward (see the arrow in FIG. 11), the cam follower isdriven in a circular motion. FIG. 10 shows the deployment member's 62plane of motion P. The arcuate end portion of the deployment member 62(see FIG. 12) is restricted to this plane. In a preferred embodiment,the cam follower 102/deployment member 62 may be restricted in motion tothe plane P and about a single axis.

FIGS. 13 a through 16 b sequentially illustrate one option for theeffect of an actuator for moving the implantable article deploymentmember 62 between the retracted and extended positions. The immobilizer54 has an axis A and the path of the implantable article deploymentmember 62 is substantially semi-circular about the axis A. Theimplantable article deployment member 62 preferably includes asemi-circular portion having a radius R′ (FIG. 13 b) approximately theradius r′ of the path about the axis A of the immobilizer 54 (FIG. 15b), but slightly less. The semi-circular portion has a leading end 63and a trailing end 61. The implantable article deployment member 62 alsohas an elongate member 67 projecting substantially perpendicular to thesemi-circular portion from the trailing end 61. The elongate member 67has an axis E.

The actuator for rotating the deployment member between the retractedtoward the extended position is preferably a mechanical linkagecomprised of a series of gears for affording rotation about two distinctaxes.

Referring now to FIGS. 20 through 23, there is shown an embodiment ofactuator that includes, in part, a mechanism for converting rotationalmotion to linear motion. The actuator comprises gears, detents andgrooves. As described below, the mechanical linkage actuator includesmale and female splines, cams and cam followers.

An activatable (e.g. rotatable) handle or knob (e.g. see 95, FIG. 19) isadapted to actuate deployment member 92 and is associated with a piniongear 109. Returning to FIGS. 20 through 23, a female spline gear (inside109, so not shown) is associated with the internal diameter of thepinion gear 109. As the pinion gear is rotated the female spline gear isrotated a predetermined amount (e.g. equal). Mated to the female splinegear is a male spline gear. As the female spline gear rotates, the malespline moves linearly. The male spline is associated with a cam suchthat as the male spline gear moves linearly, the cam moves as well. Acam follower 102 is attached to the deployment member 92 and follows camgroove 105.

The first rotation depicted in FIGS. 13 b to 14 b may be accomplished byrotating the actuating knob 95. This rotates the pinion gear and in turnrotates the female spline gear. Rotation of the female spline gearadvances the male spline, thereby advancing the cam. As the cam isadvanced the deployment member 92 is rotated from the position in FIG.13 b to the position in FIG. 14 b. This rotation is about axis E. Thisaction occurs since the pinion gear 109 is attached to the knob 95 thatis used to drive the assembly. All motion goes through the pinion gear.In one embodiment, the pinion gear only has 5 teeth.

For this first rotation, the pinion gear may be turned (e.g.approximately 180 degrees) which drives the female spline (which rotatesapproximately 180 degrees) which drives (linearly) the spline (male)forward. The cam is fixed to the male spline as the male spline movesforward, the cam moves forward and drives the cam follower that isattached to the needle pin, through the first rotation (e.g. about 100degrees, compare FIGS. 13 b and 14 b).

With continued rotation of knob 95, a second rotation occurs when thepinion gear makes contact with the rack gear 107 and is made to followabout the rack 107 for about seventy degrees. Preferably, the rack gear107 is centered about axis A. Note this rotation is about a secondaryaxis (compare FIGS. 14 b and 15 b). Rotation of the pinion gear aboutthe rack gear advances the deployment member from the position of FIG.14 b to that of FIG. 15 b. This rotation is about axis A, not axis E.Notably, the shape of the groove 105 can include a flat or other shapeto compensate for the rotation caused by rack gear 107.

The third rotation occurs after the pinion gear releases or disengagesfrom the rack gear and turns freely again. Continued rotation advancesthe male spline forward, driving the cam forward and thus advancing thedeployment member further. The pinion gear moves through a thirdrotation of about 100 degrees and drives the female spline accordinglywhich drives the male spline forward, which in turn drives the camforward, which drives the cam follower through the third rotation ofabout 50 degrees. This rotation is depicted in the change between FIGS.15 b and 16 b. The axis of rotation is again about E.

Referring now to FIGS. 17-18A, there is shown another embodiment ofsurgical instrument 80 according to the present invention. Theinstrument 80 includes a urethral immobilizer 84, implantable articledeployment member 86, a handle 82 and a portion 81 adapted to beinserted in the vagina. As best seen in FIG. 18A, the means for movingthe implantable article deployment member 86 between the retracted andextended positions comprises a rotatable member 85 that is manuallyactuated by rotatable knob 83 (FIG. 17).

The implantable article deployment member 86 is composed of a shapememory material capable of resiliently deflecting into a predeterminedshape during movement from the retracted toward the extended position.Suitable materials include nitinol, spring steel, or certain grades ofstainless steel, and combinations of such materials and polymericmaterials. As best seen in FIG. 18A, the leading end of the deploymentmember 86 includes a substantially linear shape in the retractedposition but resiliently deflects to a semicircular shape as thedeployment member emerges from the surgical instrument 80 and moves tothe extended position.

FIG. 19 discloses another embodiment of surgical instrument 90 accordingto the present invention. The instrument includes a handle 93, a portion91 for placement in the vagina, an implantable article deployment member92, and a urethral stabilizing pin 94. This embodiment shows an manuallyactivated (via knob 15) actuator and is free of any balloon or catheter.

The surgical instruments according to the present invention also includea capturing means or holder for retaining the implantable article in thepatient's body once the implantable article deployment member (e.g. 62)moves to the extended position and then back toward the retractedposition. Preferably, the surgical instruments include a separationmeans for separating the implantable article from the surgicalinstrument. These features are described more fully below.

FIGS. 24 and 25 show an embodiment wherein the actuator for moving theimplantable article deployment member 114 between the retracted andextended positions comprises a gear 110 and a predetermined shaped geartrack 111. In this embodiment, the implantable article comprises asuture having a dart associated with a leading end thereof or a “sutureand dart assembly”.

The suture and dart assembly can comprise any suitable assembly. As usedherein, the term “suture and dart assembly” is used broadly to includeany suture and any structure that affords passage of a suture throughtissue. For example, the dart may comprise a substantially rightcircular cone shaped dart with a sharp tip and a base surface. The dartmay be constructed from stainless steel (e.g. 17-4 PH 630 SST) andinclude a neck portion capable of being crimped or swaged to an end of asuture. The cone may have an included angle of about 41 degrees, a basediameter of about 0.075 inches. The overall length of the dart may beabout 0.17 inches and the length of the cone may be about 0.1 inches.

FIG. 26 shows another example of suture and dart assembly. The suture Shas a leading element T that is suitable for passing through tissue andthat has a shoulder surface A for engaging drive surfaces on implantablearticle deployment member N.

As another example, not intended to be limiting, the dart of theassembly can include trocar-like sharp cutting surfaces that intersectat a sharp tip. A commercial example of such assembly includes a CapioBraided Polyester 0 Suture with tapercut, available from BostonScientific Corp. of Watertown, Mass. Suitable materials for the dartinclude, for example, titanium and stainless steel.

The surgical instruments of the present invention include a holder forleaving the implantable article in the patient once the implantablearticle deployment member moves to the extended position. As seen inFIGS. 24 and 25, the holder may comprise a clip for engaging a trailingend of the dart. The clip holds the suture and dart assembly in thedeployed position when deployment member 114 moves back to the retractedposition. The suture may be pre-cut so that the trailing end of thesuture is revealed once the deployment member 114 is retracted or aninternal cutter may be utilized to cut the suture. Alternatively, thesurgeon may cut the trailing end of the suture. Alternatively, thesurgical instruments according to the present invention may incorporatethe suture passing assemblies and the suture and dart assembly capturingmechanisms disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/155,710filed May 24, 2002, entitled, “Surgical Suture Passers and Methods.”

FIG. 27 shows another embodiment of holder according to the presentinvention. The holder comprises specially shaped surfaces 97 in a jaw Jof the surgical instrument. The suture S′ includes a leading end withspecially shaped surfaces 99 that complement the surfaces 97. Engagementbetween the surfaces 97 and 99 afford movement of the suture into thejaw but resist movement of the leading end of the suture S′ out of thejaw J.

FIG. 28 illustrates a surgical instrument for implanting a plurality ofsutures S having a dart D associated therewith. The instrument includesa plurality of implantable article deployment members 200 and 202, avacuum element V, and a dart capturing clip (optionally movable) onstationary jaw SJ.

FIG. 29 shows a surgical instrument having a vacuum element V and aplurality of portals 212, 213, and 214 for receiving implantable articledeployment members.

Surgical instruments according to the present invention may includevarious features including cartridges, modular constructions,articulating distal portions and lockout features. For example, alockout may be provided to block the implantation of an implantablearticle until the surgical device is properly deployed (e.g. for anembodiment with a balloon positioning member, the lockout may preventimplantation when the balloon is deflated). Another lockout may beprovided that blocks the implantation unless a vacuum is generated. Adifferent lockout may be provided that blocks movement of theimplantable article deployment member if the surgical device is notloaded with an implantable article.

In another embodiment, the instrument may be adapted for use with aurethral sizer. The sizer may include a plurality of members adapted tobe inserted in the urethra to approximate the size (diameter of theurethra). The surgical instrument may be modular in that it can includecomponents (e.g. stabilizers and implantable article deployment members)of different sizes. The different sizes may be utilized to address thevagaries associated with the range of human anatomy sizes and shapes.

The surgical instruments may be manually powered, battery powered, motordriven or a combination or manual and motor driven or actuated.Additional surgical instruments and methods according to the presentinvention are described in U.S. provisional patent application No.60/325,870, filed Sep. 28, 2001, and U.S. provisional patent applicationNo. 60/316,552, filed Aug. 31, 2001.

The above-described surgical instruments may be disposable or reusable.Optionally, portions of the surgical instrument may be reusable(sterilizable) and other components may be disposable.

The surgical instruments, components thereof and sutures may be providedin a kit. The kit may include components for general surgicalapplications or it may be customized for a particular type of surgicalprocedure. Other accessories may also optionally be included in a kitaccording to the present invention. For example, a surgical drapespecifically designed for urological procedures may be included in a kitof the present invention. Such a drape is disclosed in U.S. PublishedPat. Appl. No. 2002/0078964 A1 published Jun. 27, 2002.

The individual elements of the kits of the present invention may bepackaged together, separately or in subassemblies depending on a varietyof factors such as shelf life and sterilization requirements. Anysuitable sterilization procedure may be utilized to sterilize thecontents of a kit. Suitable sterilization techniques include, but arenot limited to steam, ethylene oxide, electron beam, vapor (e.g.hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid), or plasma procedures.

Surgical Methods

In another aspect, the present invention comprises a surgical method.The surgical method may address general surgical disorders such as GERD,obesity or general tubular structure support. The tubular structure maycomprise a natural passageway or one created by the surgical device.

The surgical procedure according to the present invention isparticularly suitable for addressing a urological disorder such asincontinence. The urological disorders associated with the presentinvention include pelvic floor reconstruction or repair procedures.Examples of particular applications include, but are not limited tourinary incontinence treatment, paravaginal defect repairs, fecalincontinence treatment, repairs of cystoceles, rectoceles, andenteroceles, and prolapse repair.

In general, a method for treating a patient's incontinence comprises thesteps of: (a) inserting a surgical device with an implantable articlesituated therein into a urethra, (b) moving the implantable article froma position within the urethra to a position at least substantiallyexternal to the urethra; (c) separating the implantable article from thedevice, and (d) removing the surgical device from the urethra leavingthe implantable article situated about the urethra. Preferably, in thisembodiment, the incontinence is treated without requiring an incision inthe vagina or abdomen of the patient.

In another embodiment of a method according to the present invention,the method for treating female urinary incontinence comprises the stepsof: (a) providing a surgical device having an immobilizer and astabilizer, and a implantable article deployment member movable aboutthe immobilizer between a retracted position and an extended position;(b) inserting the immobilizer into the urethra and the stabilizer withinthe vagina; (c) moving the implantable article deployment member along apath that is substantially external to the urethra from the retracted tothe extended position; (d) retracting the implantable article deploymentmember from the extended to the retracted position leaving theimplantable article situated about the urethra; (e) separating theimplantable article from the device; and (f) removing the surgicaldevice from body. In this embodiment, the implantable article preferablytreats the incontinence without substantially changing the patient'surinary tract orientation to avoid post implantation voidingdifficulties.

General or local anesthesia may be utilized for the surgical proceduresaccording to the present invention. In the case of incontinenceprocedures, it may be possible to conduct the surgical procedure underlocal anesthesia, have the patient stand just after the procedure andconduct a valsalva procedure or other test to determine the efficacy ofthe implantable article. This affords the surgeon the opportunity totighten the implantable material about the urethra (e.g. if the patientremains incontinent) or loosen the implantable material (e.g. if thepatient is in retention).

The nature of the present invention may also afford post surgicaladjustment of the implantable material hours or perhaps days after thesurgical procedure. For example, if the implantable article comprises asuture, the suture may be tied in an adjustable knot (e.g. a slip knot)to afford adjustment of the suture. Optionally, a portion of the suturemay be left protruding from a vaginal incision for this purpose.

Unless otherwise specified, the present invention contemplates a varietyof surgical approaches including transurethral, transperineal,transrectal, transvaginal, percutaneous, laparoscopic and combinationsthereof.

All patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if individuallyincorporated.

Although the invention has been described in terms of particularembodiments and applications, one of ordinary skill in the art, in lightof this teaching, can generate additional embodiments and modificationswithout departing from the spirit of or exceeding the scope of theclaimed invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the drawingsand descriptions herein are proffered by way of example to facilitatecomprehension of the invention and should not be construed to limit thescope thereof.

1. A surgical device for placing an implantable article about the rectumto treat fecal incontinence, comprising: an implantable articleinsertable within a patient's rectum and deployable from a retractedposition to an extended position; an actuator to deploy the implantablearticle from the retracted position to the extended position, such thatthe implantable article is situated within the patient's rectum in theretracted position and at least a portion of the implantable article islocated external to the patient's rectum in the extended position; and aseparator to remove the implantable article from the surgical device. 2.The surgical device of claim 1, wherein the implantable article issubstantially helical in shape.
 3. The surgical device of claim 1,further including an elongate immobilizer adapted to be placed withinthe patient's rectum, such that the implantable article is moveableabout with the elongate immobilizer.
 4. The surgical device of claim 1,further including a means for collapsing a portion of the patient'srectum.
 5. The surgical device of claim 1, further including aninflatable member adapted to selectively position the surgical device.6. The surgical device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises arotatable member.
 7. The surgical device of claim 1, wherein theactuator comprises a slidable guide member.
 8. The surgical device ofclaim 1, wherein the implantable article is composed of a shape memorymaterial capable of resiliently deflecting into a predetermined shapeduring deployment.
 9. The surgical device of claim 1 wherein theactuator comprises a gear and detent mechanism.
 10. The surgical deviceof claim 1, wherein the implantable article comprises an end anchoradapted to facilitate tissue engagement.
 11. The surgical device ofclaim 10, wherein the implantable article further includes an extendingsuture.
 12. The surgical device of claim 1, wherein the separatorincludes means for cutting the implantable article in situ after theimplantable article deploys to the extended position.
 13. A surgicaldevice for placing an implantable article to treat fecal incontinence,comprising: an elongate member adapted for placement within a patient'srectum; a helical member movable about the elongate member between afirst position within the patient's rectum and an extended position withat least a portion of the helical member outside of the patient'srectum, wherein the helical member is constructed of a shape memorymaterial; and an actuator adapted to move the helical member between thefirst position and the extended position.
 14. The surgical device ofclaim 13, wherein the helical member is capable of moving along asubstantially helical path.
 15. The surgical device of claim 13, furtherincluding means for collapsing a portion of the patient's rectum aboutthe elongate member.
 16. The surgical device of claim 13, wherein thehelical member comprises an end anchor adapted to facilitate tissueengagement.
 17. A surgical device for placing an implantable articleabout a patient's rectum, comprising: an implantable article movablebetween a retracted position and an extended position; an actuator tomove the implantable article between the retracted and extendedpositions, wherein at least a portion of the implantable article ismoved outside of the patient's rectum in the extended position; and aseparator to extricate the implantable article from the surgical device,the separator including means for cutting the implantable article insitu.
 18. The surgical device of claim 17, wherein the implantablearticle is capable of moving along a substantially helical path.
 19. Thesurgical device of claim 17, wherein the implantable article comprisesan end anchor adapted to facilitate tissue engagement.
 20. The surgicaldevice of claim 17, further including an extending suture.